| Preface | | xi | |
| | 1 | (22) |
| 1.1 The image: pictures and imaging |
| | 1 | (2) |
| | 3 | (4) |
| | 7 | (3) |
| | 10 | (2) |
| 1.5 Color vision and color images |
| | 12 | (1) |
| 1.6 Operations on intensity images |
| | 13 | (3) |
| 1.7 Image-to-image operations |
| | 16 | (1) |
| 1.8 The relation of image analysis to data analysis |
| | 17 | (2) |
| Appendix 1.1 The experiment |
| | 19 | (4) |
| 2 Images in the Natural Sciences and in Chemistry |
| | 23 | (22) |
| | 23 | (4) |
| 2.2 Physical and spectrometric principles of imaging |
| | 27 | (4) |
| | 31 | (3) |
| | 34 | (7) |
| 2.5 Multitemporal multivariate images |
| | 41 | (1) |
| 2.6 Spectral resolution versus spatial resolution |
| | 42 | (3) |
| 3 Medical Diagnostic Tools: Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| | 45 | (18) |
| 3.1 General description of the magnetic resonance phenomenon |
| | 45 | (2) |
| 3.2 Historical background |
| | 47 | (2) |
| | 49 | (3) |
| | 52 | (1) |
| | 53 | (2) |
| | 55 | (2) |
| 3.7 Experimental fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging |
| | 57 | (2) |
| 3.8 Interpretation of T(1)-, T(2)- and p-weighted images |
| | 59 | (1) |
| 3.9 Magnetic resonance imaging in preclinical research |
| | 60 | (1) |
| 3.10 Work in progress: multivariate magnetic resonance imaging |
| | 61 | (1) |
| Appendix 3.1 In vivo magnetic resonance literature |
| | 62 | (1) |
| 4 Principal Component Analysis with Basic Matrix Algebra and Statistics |
| | 63 | (36) |
| 4.1 The data matrix and its elements |
| | 63 | (5) |
| 4.2 Some statistical definitions |
| | 68 | (3) |
| 4.3 Simple statistical operations on matrices |
| | 71 | (7) |
| A simple demonstration in high-level computer language |
| | 74 | (4) |
| 4.4 Some simplifications of equations |
| | 78 | (3) |
| Calculating Z, Z(cov) and Z(cor) |
| | 79 | (2) |
| 4.5 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors |
| | 81 | (6) |
| Eigenvector and eigenvalue demonstration in high-level language |
| | 84 | (3) |
| 4.6 Principal component analysis |
| | 87 | (8) |
| Singular value decomposition |
| | 90 | (5) |
| A PCA example in high-level language |
| | 95 | (1) |
| 4.7 Geometrical interpretation: variable space |
| | 95 | (4) |
| 5 Preprocessing and Transformation of Images |
| | 99 | (8) |
| 5.1 The multivariate image as a three-way array: simple scalings |
| | 99 | (3) |
| | 102 | (2) |
| 5.3 Other three-way scalings |
| | 104 | (3) |
| 6 Principal Component Analysis on Multivariate Images |
| | 107 | (30) |
| 6.1 The multivariate image as a three-way array: three-way linear algebra |
| | 107 | (3) |
| 6.2 A simplification: reorganizing three-way arrays |
| | 110 | (3) |
| 6.3 Principal component analysis on three-way arrays: loadings |
| | 113 | (10) |
| An example of a loadings calculation |
| | 118 | (5) |
| 6.4 Principal component analysis on three-way arrays: scores |
| | 123 | (14) |
| Demonstration of a score calculation |
| | 132 | (5) |
| 7 Principal Component Analysis on Covariance and Correlation Matrices of Multivariate Images |
| | 137 | (20) |
| 7.1 Mean-centering and scaling of variables |
| | 137 | (20) |
| PCA calculation using covariance and correlation matrices |
| | 145 | (9) |
| Image calculations in high-level language |
| | 154 | (3) |
| 8 Visualization in Score Plots |
| | 157 | (18) |
| 8.1 Score images and score plots |
| | 157 | (9) |
| 8.2 Overview of the score plots: interpretation problems |
| | 166 | (2) |
| Score plots in high-level language |
| | 167 | (1) |
| 8.3 Analysis of score plots |
| | 168 | (7) |
| | 171 | (4) |
| 9 The Residual and Residual Images |
| | 175 | (14) |
| | 175 | (14) |
| | 182 | (7) |
| 10 Local Models and Sampling |
| | 189 | (26) |
| | 189 | (2) |
| 10.2 Background and regions of interest |
| | 191 | (4) |
| 10.3 Local models in principal component analysis |
| | 195 | (3) |
| 10.4 An example of the use of local models |
| | 198 | (7) |
| 11 Miscellaneous Examples |
| | 215 | (20) |
| 11.1 Polarization angle in microscopy |
| | 215 | (6) |
| 11.2 Wetlands and lakes in a satellite image |
| | 221 | (8) |
| 11.3 Microscopy of biological materials |
| | 229 | (6) |
| 12 Multivariate Image Analysis Applied to Magnetic Resonance Images |
| | 235 | (34) |
| 12.1 Visualization of multivariate magnetic resonance images: interpretation of medical images |
| | 235 | (1) |
| 12.2 Differently weighted magnetic resonance images |
| | 236 | (2) |
| 12.3 Experimental design in magnetic resonance imaging |
| | 238 | (2) |
| 12.4 Segmentation and classification |
| | 240 | (2) |
| 12.5 Segmentation by multivariate image analysis |
| | 242 | (2) |
| 12.6 An experimental magnetic resonance imaging study |
| | 244 | (7) |
| 12.7 Quality control: an experiment with apples |
| | 251 | (4) |
| 12.8 The multivariate analysis of the 16 x 256 x 256 apple image |
| | 255 | (4) |
| 12.9 A clinical magnetic resonance imaging study |
| | 259 | (10) |
| 13 Multivariate Image Regression |
| | 269 | (26) |
| 13.1 Regression between images |
| | 269 | (4) |
| 13.2 Univariate regression between images |
| | 273 | (8) |
| A demonstration of univariate image regression in high-level language |
| | 279 | (2) |
| 13.3 Multivariate regression and discriminant regression |
| | 281 | (5) |
| A demonstration of multivariate image regression in high-level language |
| | 284 | (2) |
| 13.4 Multivariate image regression in the literature |
| | 286 | (1) |
| Appendix 13.1 Simple univariate regression |
| | 287 | (3) |
| Appendix 13.2 Multiple regression |
| | 290 | (3) |
| Appendix 13.3 The goals of regression analysis |
| | 293 | (2) |
| | 295 | (4) |
| References | | 299 | (14) |
| Index | | 313 | |