| Preface | | xi | |
| What We Feel in an Earthquake |
| | 1 | (27) |
| The 1906 Eye-Opening San Francisco Earthquake |
| | 3 | (7) |
| Box 1.1: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Centennial |
| | 5 | (5) |
| The 1989 Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma Prieta) Earthquake, California |
| | 10 | (4) |
| Two Huge Alaska Earthquakes: 1964 and 2002 |
| | 14 | (5) |
| Types of Seismic Waves in Earthquake Shaking |
| | 19 | (5) |
| A ``Big One`` in Taiwan, 1999 |
| | 24 | (4) |
| | 28 | (24) |
| | 29 | (2) |
| Earthquakes in Past Times |
| | 31 | (2) |
| Observatories to Study Earthquakes |
| | 33 | (1) |
| The Global Mosaic of Earthquakes |
| | 34 | (5) |
| Depths of Earthquake Foci |
| | 39 | (3) |
| Sakhalin, Russia, Disaster, 1995 |
| | 42 | (2) |
| Surprise Seismicity in Upper Egypt |
| | 44 | (3) |
| Moonquakes and Marsquakes |
| | 47 | (5) |
| Applied Seismology Box 2.1: Mystery of the Great Tunguska UFO, 1908, Siberia |
| | 50 | (2) |
| | 52 | (26) |
| Types of Geological Faults |
| | 53 | (6) |
| The 1891 Mino-Owari (Nobi) Earthquake, Japan |
| | 59 | (2) |
| The 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake, California |
| | 61 | (1) |
| A Recent Japanese Example, Kobe 1995 |
| | 62 | (2) |
| The Tragedy of the 1988 Armenian Earthquake |
| | 64 | (3) |
| The 1990 Philippine Fault Rupture |
| | 67 | (4) |
| A Further Unzipping: 1999, Kocaeli, Turkey |
| | 71 | (2) |
| Fault Slippage and Fault Gouge |
| | 73 | (5) |
| The Causes of Earthquakes |
| | 78 | (30) |
| | 79 | (3) |
| Geodetic Surveying and the Slow Buildup of Energy |
| | 82 | (6) |
| Applied Seismology Box 4.1: Impacts of the World Trade Center Collapse, September 11, 2001 |
| | 83 | (5) |
| | 88 | (2) |
| The Effect of Water on Rocks Beneath the Surface |
| | 90 | (4) |
| Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes and Dam Safety: Oroville, California, 1975 |
| | 94 | (7) |
| What Produces Seismic Waves? |
| | 101 | (5) |
| Box 4.2: Method of Obtaining Direction of Faulting from P-Wave Directions on Seismograms |
| | 104 | (2) |
| Twin Thrust Sources: 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge |
| | 106 | (2) |
| | 108 | (20) |
| Sensitive and Strong-Motion Seismographs |
| | 109 | (5) |
| How to Understand Seismograms |
| | 114 | (2) |
| How to Locate an Earthquake |
| | 116 | (7) |
| Box 5.1: Sample Calculation of the Location of the Epicenter of an Earthquake (Near Oroville, August 1975) |
| | 118 | (2) |
| Applied Seismology Box 5.2: Tragedy of the Russian |
| | 120 | (3) |
|
| The Digital Revolution -- The Modern Earthquake Telescope Close to the Fault Source |
| | 123 | (5) |
| Box 5.3: Imprint of a Moving Fault Rupture |
| | 124 | (4) |
| Exploring Inside the Earth |
| | 128 | (14) |
| Earthquake Waves Through the Interior |
| | 129 | (2) |
| | 131 | (2) |
| Interpretations of Seismograms |
| | 133 | (2) |
| | 135 | (1) |
| Illuminating the Innermost Core |
| | 136 | (2) |
| Fine Mapping of Deep Earth Structure |
| | 138 | (4) |
| Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics |
| | 142 | (16) |
| Driving Forces in the Earth |
| | 143 | (3) |
| The Plate Conveyer-Belt Solution |
| | 146 | (4) |
| Explanation of Inter- and Intraplate Earthquakes |
| | 150 | (3) |
| Predictions Using the Plate Tectonic Theory |
| | 153 | (2) |
| The 1960 and 1985 Chile Interplate Earthquakes |
| | 155 | (3) |
| The Size of an Earthquake |
| | 158 | (24) |
| | 159 | (4) |
| How to Calculate Earthquake Instrumental Magnitude |
| | 163 | (4) |
| Box 8.1: Example of the Calculation of the Richter Magnitude (ML) of a Local Earthquake |
| | 165 | (2) |
| | 167 | (1) |
| The Seismic Moment Magnitude |
| | 168 | (3) |
| A Detective Story: Nuclear Explosions or Natural Earthquakes? |
| | 171 | (3) |
| Applied Seismology Box 8.2: Seismic Mystery in Australia: Earthquake, Meteorite, or Nuclear Blast? |
| | 173 | (1) |
| Acceleration of Ground Shaking |
| | 174 | (3) |
| Landers, 1992: The Largest U.S. Earthquake in 28 Years |
| | 177 | (2) |
| | 179 | (3) |
| Volcanoes, Tsunamis, and Earthquakes |
| | 182 | (28) |
| | 185 | (2) |
| | 187 | (2) |
| Explosion of Mount Saint Helens, 1980 |
| | 189 | (3) |
| Mammoth Lakes Earthquake Swarm, California |
| | 192 | (3) |
| | 195 | (8) |
| Box 9.1: Notable Tsunamis of the World |
| | 197 | (4) |
| Box 9.2: Properties of a Tsunami |
| | 201 | (2) |
| Tsunami Alerts: The 1993 Hokkaido Disaster |
| | 203 | (3) |
| Tragedy at Crescent City, California, 1964 |
| | 206 | (1) |
| | 207 | (3) |
| Events That Precede an Earthquake |
| | 210 | (34) |
| Efforts at Earthquake Forecasting |
| | 211 | (6) |
| Box 10.1: Types of Socioeconomic Impacts and Adjustments to an Earthquake Prediction |
| | 216 | (1) |
| Clues for Recognizing Impending Earthquakes |
| | 217 | (5) |
| Box 10.2: Suggested Physical Clues for Earthquake Prediction |
| | 219 | (3) |
| Earthquake Prediction in China |
| | 222 | (5) |
| | 227 | (3) |
| The Cascadia Subduction Zone in the Northwest United States |
| | 230 | (4) |
| | 234 | (1) |
| The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Prediction: Failed but Postponed |
| | 235 | (2) |
| Calculating the Probability of an Earthquake |
| | 237 | (7) |
| Box 10.3: Probability of Seismicity for California |
| | 239 | (1) |
| Applied Seismology Box 10.4: Brightness and Shadow: Predicting Earthquake Patterns |
| | 240 | (4) |
| | 244 | (24) |
| | 245 | (4) |
| Box 11.1: The Main Earthquake Hazards |
| | 246 | (3) |
| | 249 | (2) |
| Self-Protection in an Earthquake |
| | 251 | (5) |
| Box 11.2: Personal Protection in an Earthquake |
| | 252 | (4) |
| The 1983 Coalinga, California, Earthquake |
| | 256 | (2) |
| A Study in Hazard: Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999 |
| | 258 | (2) |
| Steps to Reduce Hazards to Homes |
| | 260 | (3) |
| Help from Earthquake Insurance |
| | 263 | (5) |
| | 268 | (36) |
| Improvements in Planning and Zoning |
| | 269 | (5) |
| Collapse of Unreinforced Masonry: Newcastle, Australia, 1989 |
| | 274 | (4) |
| The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985 |
| | 278 | (3) |
| Major Engineered Structures and Earthquake Risk |
| | 281 | (4) |
| Box 12.1: Seismicity Risk Studies for a Particular Site |
| | 284 | (1) |
| Safe Operation of Hospitals and Schools |
| | 285 | (4) |
| The Deadliest Intraplate Earthquake, India 2001 |
| | 289 | (1) |
| The Loss of Art: Assisi, September and October 1997 |
| | 290 | (3) |
| The 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge Earthquakes Revisited |
| | 293 | (5) |
| Emergency Warning Systems: ``Shake Maps`` |
| | 298 | (1) |
| | 299 | (5) |
| Annex ``The Damndest, Finest Ruins``: 1906 Earthquake--Its Measure Through the Years |
| | 304 | (12) |
| | 316 | (40) |
| World Earthquakes and Seismicity Rates |
| | 316 | (9) |
| Important Earthquakes of the United States and Canada |
| | 325 | (14) |
| Abridged Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale |
| | 339 | (3) |
| | 342 | (2) |
| | 344 | (2) |
| How to Determine Fault Planes from First Motions |
| | 346 | (4) |
| Sample Calculations of Magnitudes, Moment, and Energy of an Earthquake |
| | 350 | (2) |
| The Elements of Wave Motion |
| | 352 | (3) |
| Propagation of Elastic Waves |
| | 355 | (1) |
| An Earthquake Quiz | | 356 | (6) |
| Answers to Quiz | | 362 | (2) |
| Glossary | | 364 | (7) |
| Further Reading | | 371 | (3) |
| Internet Resources | | 374 | (4) |
| Index | | 378 | |
