Zeolites have been an important material in catalysis and other applications (adsorbents, detergents) for the last 50 years. While new types of porous materials (ordered mesop
Edited by a highly experienced and internationally renowned team with chapters written by the "Who`s Who" of zeolite research, this indispensable two-volume handbook covers ev
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Inhoudsopgave:
Volume 1.
Preface.
List of Contributors.
1 Synthesis Mechanism: Crystal Growth and Nucleation (Pablo Cubillas and Michael W. Anderson).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Theory of Nucleation and Growth.
1.3 Nucleation and Growth in Zeolites.
1.4 Techniques.
1.5 Case Studies.
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook.
References.
2 Synthesis Approaches (Karl G. Strohmaier).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Aluminophosphates.
2.3 Mineralizers.
2.4 Dry Gel Conversion Syntheses.
2.5 Low Water Syntheses.
2.6 Germanium Zeolites.
2.7 Isomorphous Substitution.
2.8 Structure Directing Agents.
2.9 SDA Modeling.
2.10 Co templating.
2.11 Layered Precursors.
2.12 Nonaqueous Solvents.
2.13 Summary and Outlook.
Acknowledgments.
3 Ionothermal Synthesis of Zeolites and Other Porous Materials (Russell E. Morris).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Hydrothermal, Solvothermal, and Ionothermal Synthesis.
3.3 Ionothermal Aluminophosphate Synthesis.
3.4 Ionothermal Synthesis of Silica Based Zeolites.
3.5 Ionothermal Synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks and Coordination Polymers.
3.6 Ambient Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis.
3.7 The Role of Cation Templating, Co Templating, or No Templating.
3.8 The Role of the Anion Structure Induction.
3.9 The Role of Water and Other Mineralizers.
3.10 Unstable Ionic Liquids.
3.11 Summary and Outlook.
4 Co Templates in Synthesis of Zeolites (Joaquin Perez Pariente, Raquel Garc a, Luis Gomez Hortiguela, and Ana Belen Pinar).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Templating of Dual Void Structures.
4.3 Crystallization of Aluminophosphate Type Materials.
4.4 Combined Use of Templating and Pore Filling Agents.
4.5 Cooperative Structure Directing Effects of Organic Molecules and Mineralizing Anions.
4.6 Cooperative Structure Directing Effect of Organic Molecules and Water.
4.7 Control of Crystal Size and Morphology.
4.8 Membrane Systems.
4.9 Use of Co Templates for Tailoring the Catalytic Activity of Microporous Materials.
4.10 Summary and Outlook.
5 Morphological Synthesis of Zeolites (Sang Eon Park and Nanzhe Jiang).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Morphology of Large Zeolite Crystals.
5.3 Morphology Control of MFI Zeolite Particles (of Size Less than 100 m).
5.4 Morphological Synthesis by MW.
5.5 Summary and Outlook.
6 Post synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites (Cong Yan Chen and Stacey I. Zones).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Direct Synthesis of Zeolites.
6.3 Post synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites.
6.4 Summary and Outlook.
7 Structural Chemistry of Zeolites (Paul A. Wright and Gordon M. Pearce).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Zeolite Structure Types Exemplified by Those Based on the Sodalite Cage.
7.3 The Expanding Library of Zeolite Structures: Novel Structures, Novel Features.
7.4 Summary and Outlook.
8 Vibrational Spectroscopy and Related In situ Studies of Catalytic Reactions Within Molecular Sieves (Eli Stavitski and Bert M. Weckhuysen).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Acidity Determination with IR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules.
8.3 Zeolite Synthesis Processes.
8.4 Selection of Zeolite Based Catalytic Reactions.
8.4.1 Catalytic Decomposition of Nitric Oxides.
8.4.2 Methanol to Olefin Conversion.
8.5 IR Microspectroscopy.
8.6 Concluding Remarks and Look into the Future.
9 Textural Characterization of Mesoporous Zeolites (Lei Zhang, Adri N.C. van Laak, Petra E. de Jongh, and Krijn P. de Jong).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Methods for Generating Meso and Macropores in Zeolites.
9.3 Characterization of Textural Properties of Mesoporous Zeolites.
9.4 Summary and Outlook.
10 Aluminum in Zeolites: Where is it and What is its Structure? (Jeroen A. van Bokhoven and Nadiya Danilina).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Structure of Aluminum Species in Zeolites.
10.3 Where is the Aluminum in Zeolite Crystals?
10.4 Summary and Outlook.
11 Theoretical Chemistry of Zeolite Reactivity (Evgeny A. Pidko and Rutger A. van Santen).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Methodology.
11.3 Activation of Hydrocarbons in Zeolites: The Role of Dispersion Interactions.
11.4 Molecular Level Understanding of Complex Catalytic Reactions: MTO Process.
11.5 Molecular Recognition and Confinement Driven Reactivity.
11.6 Structural Properties of Zeolites: Framework Al Distribution and Structure and Charge Compensation of Extra framework Cations.
11.7 Summary and Outlook.
12 Modeling of Transport and Accessibility in Zeolites (Sof a Calero Diaz).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Molecular Models.
12.3 Simulation Methods.
12.4 Molecular Modeling Applied to Processes Involving Zeolites.
12.5 Summary and Outlook.
13 Diffusion in Zeolites Impact on Catalysis (Johan van den Bergh, Jorge Gascon, and Freek Kapteijn).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Diffusion and Reaction in Zeolites: Basic Concepts.
13.3 Diffusion in Zeolites: Potential Issues.
13.4 Pore Structure, Diffusion, and Activity at the Subcrystal Level.
13.5 Improving Transport through Zeolite Crystals.
13.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook.
Volume 2.
14 Special Applications of Zeolites (V ctor Sebastian, Clara Casado, and Joaqu n Coronas).
15 Organization of Zeolite Microcrystals (Kyung Byung Yoon).
16 Industrial Potential of Zeolites (Giuseppe Bellussi, Angela Carati, and Roberto Millini).
17 Catalytically Active Sites: Generation and Characterization (Michael Hunger).
18 Cracking and Hydrocracking (Marcello Rigutto).
19 Reforming and Upgrading of Diesel Fractions (Carlo Perego, Vincenzo Calemma, and Paolo Pollesel).
20 Recent Development in Transformations of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Zeolites (Sulaiman Al Khattaf, Mohammad Ashraf Ali, and Jir Cejka).
21 Advanced Catalysts Based on Micro and Mesoporous Molecular Sieves for the Conversion of Natural Gas to Fuels and Chemicals (Agust n Mart nez, Gonzalo Prieto, Andres Garc a Trenco, and Ernest Peris).
22 Methanol to Olefins (MTO) and Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) (Michael Stocker).
23 Metals in Zeolites for Oxidation Catalysis (Takashi Tatsumi).
24 Environmental Catalysis over Zeolites (Gabriele Centi and Siglinda Perathoner).
25 Zeolites as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals (Maria J. Climent, Avelino Corma, and Sara Iborra).
26 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves in Fuel Cell Applications (King Lun Yeung and Wei Han).
Index.
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An expert account of zeolites and their commercial applications, examining how their unique properties allow them to function as adsorbent, membranes and as catalysts. Introdu
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Inhoudsopgave:
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
History of Molecular Sieve Materials
Synthesis
Applications
Markets
The Future
History of International Conferences and Organizations
Historical Epilogue
ZEOLITE TYPES AND STRUCTURES
Introduction
Building Units for Zeolite Frameworks
Zeolite Framework Types
Pores, Channels, Cages and Cavities
Material Versus Framework Types
Structures of Commercially Significant Zeolites
Hypothetical Zeolite Frameworks
SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES AND MANUFACTURE OF ZEOLITIC CATALYST AND ADSORBENTS
Introduction
Synthesis of Zeolites and Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves
Forming Zeolite Powders into Usable Shapes
Finishing: Post Forming Manufacturing of Zeolite Catalysts and Adsorbents
Selected New Developments in Catalyst and Adsorbent Manufacture
ZEOLITE CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Multi Technique Methodology
X Ray Powder Diffraction Characterization of Zeolitic Systems
Electron Microscopy Characterization of Zeolitic Systems
Infrared Spectroscopy of Zeolitic Systems
NMR Characterization of Zeolitic Systems
Physica./Chemical Characterization
Conclusions
OVERVIEW IN ZEOLITES ADSORPTIVE SEPARATION
Introduction
Industrial Adsorptive Separation
R&D Adsorptive Separation
Summary Review of Zeolites in Adsorptive Separation
ASPECTS OF MECHANISMS, PROCESSES, AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ZEOLITE SEPARATION
Introduction
Impacts of Adsorptive Separation Versus Other Separation Processes
Liquid Phase Adsorption
Modes of Operation
Zeolite Separation Processes
Summary
LIQUID INDUSTRIAL AROMATICS ADSORBENT SEPARATION
Introduction
Major Industrial Processes
Other Significant Processes
Summary
LIQUID INDUSTRIAL NON AROMATICS ADSORPTIVE SEPARATIONS
Introduction
Normal Paraffin Separations
Mono Methyl Paraffin Separation (C10 16)
Olefin Separations
Carbohydrate Separations
Liquid Adsorption Acid Separations
Summary
INDUSTRIAL GAS PHASE ADSORPTIVE GASES SEPARATION
Introduction
Regeneration
Adsorption Equilibrium
Mass Transfer in Formed Zeolite Particles
Industrial TSA Separations (Purification)
Industrial PSA
Industrial Dehydration (Bulk Removal)
Non Regenerable Adsorption
Summary
ZEOLITE MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS
Introduction
Synthesis and Properties of Zeolite Membranes
Transport Theory and Separation Capability of Zeolite Membranes
Zeolite Membranes in Separation and Reactive Processes
Summary
MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANE
Introduction
Compositions of Mixed Matrix Membranes
Concept of Zeolite/Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes
Material Selection for Zeolite/Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes
Geometries of Zeolite/Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes
Applications of Zeolite/Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes
Summary
OVERVIEW AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS OF ZEOLITES
History of Catalytic Uses of Zeolites
Literature Review of Recent Developments in Catalytic Uses of Zeolites
Future Trends in Catalysis by Zeolites
UNIQUE ASPECTS OF MECHANISMS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ZEOLITE CATALYSIS IN REFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS
Introduction
Adsorption
Diffusion
Acidity
Carbocations
Elementary Steps of Hydrocarbon Conversion over Zeolites
Shape Selectivity
Reaction Mechanisms
Key Remaining Questions
INDUSTRIAL ISOMERIZATION
Introduction
Metal Zeolite Catalyzed Light Paraffin Isomerization
Olefin Isomerization
C8 Aromatics Isomerization
PROCESSES ON INDUSTRIAL C C BOND FORMATION
Introduction
Olefin Oligomerization
Paraffin/Olefin Alkylation
Benzene Alkylation
Alkylbenzene Disproportionation and Trans Alkylation
Paraffin/Olefin to Aromatics
Methanol to Olefins and Aromatics
Summary
BOND BREAKING AND REARRANGEMENT
Introduction
Critical Zeolite Properties
Chemistry of Bond Scission Processes
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization
Conclusions
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The idea of "Zero-Waste Engineering" has been developing over years, in many areas of engineering, such as energy production (renewable energy), construction (green buildings), and many others. This book is a huge step in the continued march toward truly sustainable engineering practices.
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Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. A Delinearized History of Time and Its Impact on Scientific Cognition
Chapter 3. Towards Modeling of Zero Waste Engineering Processes with Inherent Sustainability
Chapter 4. The Formulation of a Comprehensive Mass and Energy Balance Equation
Chapter 5. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD): The Case for a Science of Intangibles and Zero Waste Engineering
Chapter 6. Zero Waste Lifestyle with Inherently Sustainable Technologies
Chapter 7. A Novel Sustainable Combined Heating/Cooling/Refrigeration System
Chapter 8. A Zero Waste Design for Direct Usage of Solar Energy
Chapter 9. Investigation of Vegetable Oil as the Thermal Fluid in a Parabolic Solar Collector
Chapter 10. The Potential of Biogas in the Zero Waste Mode in the Cold-Climate Environment
Chapter 11. The New Synthesis: Application of all Natural Material for Engineering Applications
Chapter 12. Sustainability of Nuclear Energy
Chapter 13. High Temperature Reactors for Hydrogen Production
Chapter 14. Economic Assessment of Zero Waste Engineering
Chapter 15. Conclusions and Recommendations
References
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